Evaluation of Metabolic and Cardiovascular Risks in patients with Prediabetes: Cross-sectional study

Abstract

Objective: This study aimed to evaluate the metabolic and cardiovascular risk of patients with prediabetes (pre-D) compared to type two diabetes mellitus (T2DM) patients and healthy subjects, and to predict cardiovascular risk associated with glycemic disturbance.

Methodology: In this cross-sectional study, eighty patients with prediabetes were compared with ninety T2DM and one hundred healthy individuals as controls enrolled from the University Medical Center, Taibah University, Madinah, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, from 23 June 2024 to 06 February 2025. Biochemical (FPG, HbA1c, insulin, and lipid profiles), anthropometric (BMI, WC, F%, FM, and FFM), and clinical (blood pressure, smoking, and education status) profiles were measured.

Results: Pre-D and T2DM groups had significantly higher BMI, F%, FM, FPG, HbA1c, insulin, and TG than controls (p <0.01). Regression analysis showed that BMI, F%, FM, FPG and insulin are independent predictors of pre-D risk (p <0.001); moreover, crosstabs revealed the assessment of cardiovascular risk which revealed significant high odds ratios in pre-D subjects with hypertension (OR = 31.7), hyperglycemia (OR = 40), metabolic syndrome (OR = 35), smoking (OR = 55) and obesity (OR = 64.7).

Conclusion: Pre-D exhibited significant metabolic alterations and higher risk for cardiovascular disease, which necessitates early screening and treatment. Factors like smoking and high blood pressure increase cardiovascular risk, while factors related to adiposity and insulin resistance influence glycemic levels.