Health Literacy and its associated factors: A cross-sectional study among youth in Karachi

Abstract

Objectives: To determine the level of health literacy among youth in Karachi, Pakistan, and to explore key factors influencing their ability to access, understand, and use health information.

Methods: An analytical cross-sectional study was conducted among youth aged 15–24 years enrolled in vocational training programs at The Hunar Foundation, Karachi, from June 2023 to June 2024. Participants were selected through consecutive non-probability sampling. Health literacy was assessed using the 12 items Short-Form Health Literacy Questionnaire (HLS-SF12). Sociodemographic variables, parental education, socioeconomic status, and digital literacy indicators were collected using a structured questionnaire. Data were analyzed using STATA 17. Associations were examined using chi-square and Kruskal–Wallis tests, followed by multivariable ordinal logistic regression after confirming the proportional odds assumption.

Results: Among 375 participants, 6.1% had poor, 74.2% satisfactory, and 19.7% good health literacy. In multivariable analysis, higher participant education (Graduation: AOR = 7.62; Matric: AOR = 5.26), maternal literacy (AOR = 5.85), and active online health information seeking (AOR = 12.30) were independently associated with better health literacy. Gender, ethnicity, and socioeconomic status were not significant after adjustment.

Conclusion: Among Pakistani youth, higher health literacy is strongly influenced by educational attainment, parental literacy, particularly maternal literacy, and active online health information seeking. These findings highlight the need for educational and digital health interventions to improve youth health literacy and support long-term health outcomes.